WHAT KIND OF JOB I WANT AFTER I GRADUATE FROM UNIVERSITY

Graduation is the best moment when I was successful to finish my study in University. After I was graduation from University, I must continue my life with finding my future job. It’s so complicated to find my future job, because so many job is available in Industry. But I have a wish, I will become a lecturer. Why? Because I still closer with college student. I can’t be separated from University World. I can share my experience too for my college student, and I can explore their talent with encouraging to join competition. And I think, become a lecturer is the greatest job in the world. You can help Indonesian to make intellegent generation in education sector. Without education, Indonesian can’t be a big country. You can see a Japan or England, They are a developing country in the world. So, Indonesian must be helped with printing many lecturer to help new generation. I know that I’m not very smart, but I believe that I can help college student to explore their talent. The big problem for Indonesian is education, we must make many new bachelor or scientist to make a innovation. May be It’s just story from me about my future job. But I’m really serious to become a lecturer. So, before I become a lecturer, I must work my thesis. And the last, it isn’t only a softskill assignment.  It is a job what I want after I graduate from University. Amin.

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TENSES

Jika kita membicarakan tenses, kita berbicara tentang time (waktu). Secara umum, ada 3 macam tenses yaitu present, past and future, yang masing – masing mempunyai 4 bagian yaitu Simple, Continous, Perfect, dan Perfect Continous. Pada postingan hari ini, kita akan membahas 6 tenses terlebih dahulu yaitu Simple Present Tense, Present Continous Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Simple Past Tense, Past Continous Tense, dan Past Perfect Tense.

A.  Simple Present Tense

Simple Present Tense berhubungan dengan habitual (kebiasaan) dan factual (kebenaran umum). Kita bisa menambahkan Adverb of Frequency, seperti always (selalu), often (sering), usually (biasanya), sometimes (kadang – kadang), seldom (jarang) dan never (tidak pernah)

1.      Habitual (kebiasaan)

Contoh :

-          Agnes always teaches English at SMA 8 everyday (+)

-          Agnes doesn’t always teach English at SMA 8 everyday (-)

-          Does Agnes always teach English at SMA 8 everyday? (?)

2.      Factual (kebenaran umum)

Contoh :

-          Its snows in Japan (+)

-          It doesn’t snow in Japan (-)

-          Does it snow in Japan? (?)

B.  Present Continous Tense

Tense ini membicarakan peristiwa yang terjadi tepat pada saat sekarang. Tanda waktu yang bisa digunakan adalah now, at this time, at the moment, look dan listen.

Contoh :

-          The children are playing now (+)

-          The children are not playing now (-)

-          Are the children playing now? (?)

C.  Present Perfect Tense

Tense ini membicarakan tentang suatu kejadian di masa lampau yang berhubungan dengan kejadian sekarang. Tanda waktu yang bisa digunakan adalah already (kalimat positif), yet (kalimat negatif), for (selama), since (sejak), lately / recenlty (akhir – akhir ini), never (tidak pernah), once, twice, dan three times.

Contoh :

-          I have done my homework (+)

-          I haven’t done my homework (-)

-          Have you already done your homework? (?)

D.  Simple Past Tense

Tense ini membicarakan tentang kejadian yang terjadi dimasa lampau. Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan adalah yesterday, last week/year, 2 days ago, in 2007, from 2001 to 2006, just now(baru saja).

Contoh :

-          Mrs. Sofrida went to depok (+)

-          Mrs. didn’t go to Depok (-)

-          Did Mrs. Sofrida go to Depok (?)

E.  Past Continous Tense

Tense ini membicarakan tentang 2 kejadian yang terjadi di waktu lampau. Ketika suatu kejadian berlangsung, ada kejadian lain yang terjadi.

Contoh :

-          Mr. Purnomo was sleeping when Arif arrived at home. (+)

-          Mr. Purnomo wasn’t sleeping when Arif arrived at home. (-)

-          Was Mr. Purnomo sleeping when Arif arrived at home? (?)

F.   Past Perfect Tense

Tense ini membicarakan 2 kejadian yang terjadi dimasa lampau. Kedua kejadian tersebut terjadi berurutan.

Contoh :

-          I had watched TV before I slept (+)

-          I hadn’t watched TV before I slept (-)

-          Had you watched TV before you slept (?)

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PRESENT PERFECT TENSE DAN SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A.Present Perfect Tense

Tense ini membicarakan tentang suatu kejadian di masa lampau yang berhubungan dengan kejadian sekarang. Tanda waktu yang bisa digunakan adalah already (kalimat positif), yet (kalimat negatif), for (selama), since (sejak), lately / recenlty (akhir – akhir ini), never (tidak pernah), once, twice, dan three times.

Contoh :

-          I have done my homework (+)

-          I haven’t done my homework (-)

-          Have you already done your homework? (?)

B.  Simple Past Tense

Tense ini membicarakan tentang kejadian yang terjadi dimasa lampau. Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan adalah yesterday, last week/year, 2 days ago, in 2007, from 2001 to 2006, just now(baru saja).

Contoh :

-          Mrs. Sofrida went to depok (+)

-          Mrs. didn’t go to Depok (-)

-          Did Mrs. Sofrida go to Depok (?)

Jadi berdasarkan ciri – ciri diatas perbedaan dari kedua tense tersebut adalah :

1.      Kejadian dari present perfect tense yang terjadi di masa lalu masih berhubungan dengan keadaan saat ini, sedangkan simple past adalah kejadian yang terjadi dimasa lalu dan tidak berhubungan dengan keadaan saat ini.

2.      Keterangan waktu yang digunakan oleh kedua tense memperjelas perbedaan pengunaan kalimat.

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ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Sebelum kita membahas Adjective Clause, kita perlu mengetahui bahwa complex sentence terdiri dari 2 bagian yaitu yaitu Main Clause dan Subordinate Clause.


1.  Main Clause
Adalah kalimat lengkap dan mempunyai subjek dan predikat. Nama lain dari Main Clause adalah Independet Clause.

2.  Subordinate Clause
Adalah bukanlah kalimat lengkap dan harus dihubungkan dengan induk kalimat. Nama lain dari Subordinate Clause adalah Dependent Clause.

Contoh :

1. The man who comes here is Ali
The man is Ali (Main Clause)
Who comes here (Subordinate Clause)

2.  I like the composition that you write
I like the composition (Main Clause)
That you write (Subordinate Clause)


Adjective Clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata benda / pengganti kata benda.
Macam – macam Adjective Clause :

1.  Who digunakan untuk orang sebagai subjek di Adjective Clause
Contoh : My mother called up my father who went to Bukit Tinggi

2.  Whom digunakan untuk orang sebagai objek di Adjective Clause
Contoh : The girl whom I thaught was Mira

3.  Which digunakan untuk benda
Contoh : The film which we saw yesterday was bad

4.  Whose digunakan untuk kepunyaan
Contoh : I have a book whose cover is red

5.  Where digunakan untuk memodikasi tempat
Contoh : The country where they live is big

6.  When digunakan untuk memodifikasi waktu
Contoh : I will never forget the day when she left me


Selain itu ada 2 jenis Adjective Clause yaitu
1.  Non Restrictive, adalah  Adjective Clause dimana informasi didalam Adjective Clause tersebut tidak penting, lalu Non Restrictive dipisahkan dengan koma.
Contoh : Mr. Habibie, who became the President of Indonesia, is a great Scientist.

2.  Restrictive, adalah adalah Adjective Clause dimana informasi didalam Adjective Clause dianggap penting, jika dihilangkan menjadi tidak jelas.
Contoh : I have a friend who lives in Joglo.

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WEALTH AND IT’S RELATION WITH SOMEONE’S HAPPINESS

Can money buy happiness? It is a kind of open ended question which can be read in almost every novel. You may not believe that money can buy someone’s happiness. But in fact, many rich people are happy with their lives. You can see them in television or read their activities in the internet or magazines. On the other hand, less prosperous people can only buy their primary needs with their money. They can not enjoy their lives because of low income. In my opinion, wealth has strong relation with someone’s happiness because people can buy anything, can go anywhere and can help other people with their wealth.

Buying anything is one of the advantages from people who have wealth. People can buy not only primary needs with their money, but they can also buy valuable goods. People who have wealth, can wear branded clothing and accessories. They can buy them form stores abroad, such as Singapore, Hongkong or United States. The price of the goods is not a problem for them. Especially people have income over 50,000,000 Rupiah in every month, buying branded clothing make them very proud. Beside buying branded clothing, prosperous people can buy apartment, condominium and  town house. Although apartment or condominium have high price, they can buy them with their money. Buying apartment can make them richer too, because it can be an investment for them. Having apartment also shows that they have wealth. Then, prosperous people can buy luxurious transportation such as sport car or motorcycle. They can use that for their transportation in daily life. They drive sport car to go everywhere, ride motorcycle and go touring with their sport motorcycle community. By buying these things, people feel happier.

To enjoy their life and relax their soul, people can go anywhere using their wealth. They can visit tourist area around the world. There are many tourist area that people can visit in every country. Borobudur temple or Chinese Great Wall are some of tourist areas that prosperous people can visit in the world. They can see great architectures in the past, and they can buy merchandise from there. Beside tourist area, people can also visit beautiful island in every country, for example, Bali and Hawaii are the most popular islands for tourist. So, prosperous people can visit Bali or Hawaii to enjoy beautiful scenery in beach. Then, prosperous people can visit beautiful places, such as Dieng or Alpen Mountain. They can see beautiful scenery from nature. They can watch sunrise in the morning, or enjoy clean air. Although going everywhere  needs much money, they are willing to spend their money to be happier in their life.

Helping other people is one of the main task for human being. We must help each other, and prosperous people can do it easier because they have much money to help others. Prosperous people can give money for less prosperous people. They can give financial capital for less prosperous people to start business. When disaster is attacking some area, prosperous people can donate some food or goods for disaster victims. And then, they can help to donate their money to make temporary home. Besides that, prosperous people can give scholarship for outstanding student from less prosperous people. They can send outstanding student to continue studying, locally or abroad. Helping other people is not making prosperous people as popular people. Prosperous people can help others to make their soul happy. Because they can be good people, and they can use their money for kindness.

In short, wealth has strong relation with someone’s happiness. So, people must be work hard to get wealth and they can be happier in their life. If they have wealth, they can go anywhere, buy anything and help each other. For prosperous people, they can help other people to reach a wealth. They can make the next generation more prosperous.

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SNAPSHOT OF THE INTERNET

(1) 1980s

Internet-compatible computer networking started in West Asia and North Africa like many other parts of the world with BITNET, CSNET, FIDONET and UUCPNET among other computer networks in 1980s [Chon 2013]. These four networks interoperate with the Internet through email service, but not other services.

According to the article, “BITNET Overview” by BITNET Network Information Center in 1990, the following six countries in West Asia and North Africa had BITNET nodes in 1990 [BITNET 1990]; Egypt, Israel, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Turkey. CSNET was available in Israel along twelve countries in other parts of the world since mid-1980s. UUCPNET was available in Egypt, Israel and Lebanon, and FIDONET was available in Israel, Jordan, Turkey and UAE according to International Connectivity Table, Version 16 – 1997.6.15 [Landweber 1997].


(2) 1990s

The First Developing Country workshop was organized by CNR-CNUCE with RINAF Project in 1991 with 13 countries including Turkey and some African countries during Copenhagen INET [Abba 2011; Chon 2015]. This was the beginning of the Internet proliferation among many other developing countries in the world.  In the following year, the Developing Country Workshop was organized by the Internet Society with the following countries in West Asia and North Africa along many other countries around the world for the week-long training prior to INET’92 in Kobe; Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Syria and Tunisia.

Eventually, many countries in West Asia along over 100 countries in the world participated some of the Developing Country Workshops in 1990s [Chon 2015].  The workshop participants, in turn, were instrumental in developing the Internet in their countries in West Asia like all other regions of the world. Telecommunications service providers in West Asia started to pay attention to the Internet in 1990s, and became the first Internet service providers along other service providers in many countries in West Asia. According to Arab Region Internet and Telecommunications Summit in 2001, the following countries in West Asia had the first Internet in their countries in 1990s [ITU 2001b];

 1993  Egypt with Egyptian University Network

 1995  United Arab Emirates (UAE) with Etisalat

 1996  Jordon with Global One Communications

 1997  Syria with Internet Pilot Project

By the end of 1997, the following countries in West Asia and North Africa had the Internet according to International Connectivity Tables [Landweber 1997]; Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen.

With the Internet in 1995 or earlier in Palestine as well as the Internet Pilot Project in Syria in 1997, all countries in West Asia were connected to the Internet by 1997 [Palestine 2014]. Libya may be the last country in North Africa with the Internet connection as it has 10,000 Internet users in December 2000 [Internet 2015].

One remarkable development in late 1990s was the first regional Internet exchange in West Asia.  Dubai-based Emirates Internet Exchange (EMIX) was developed by Emirates Telecommunications Corporation in 1998 with connectivity to Asia, Europe and USA [ITU 2001b].

(3) 2000s

With all countries in West Asia started using the Internet in 1990s or earlier, the Internet users started rapid growth in the first decade of the 2000s.  According to InternetWorldStats.com, the user growth of West Asia in 2000-2010 was 1,825.3% compared with the world average of 444.8%, and the Internet penetration in 2010 was 29.8% compared with the world average of 28.7% [Internet 2015].

(4) Regional Internet Organizations
 

Various regional Internet organizations were established in the first decade of the twenty-first century including the following;

Arab States Research and Education Network (ASREN) launched in 2010
EUMEDCONNECT for Mediterranean research networking launched in 2001
Internet Governance in the Middle East and North Africa (IGMENA) launched in 2012
Arab Internet Governance Forum (IGFarab) launched in 2012
Middle East Network Operators Group (MENOG) launched in 2007

Organization of Islamic Cooperation – Computer Emergency Response Team (OIC-CERT) launched in 2011
Middle East and Adjoining Countries School on Internet Governance (MEAC-SIG) (2104 in Kuwait, 2015 in Tunis)

Additionally, the following regional Internet organizations covers West Asian countries as their members;
Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association (APTLD)

RIPE Network Coordination Center (RIPE NCC)

(5) Cyber Security

Many countries in West Asia and North Africa have national cyber security organizations including Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) which is also called Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT)  The following national CERTs belong to Organization of Islamic Cooperation – Computer Emergency Response Team (OIC-CERT) which covers three continents; Africa, Asia and Europe.;
Egypt               EG-CERT
Iran                  Ir-CERT

Jordan             NCSCM

Libya               Libya-CERT
Morocco         maCERT
Oman              OCERT
Saudi Arabia   CERT-SA
Syria               ISC
Tunisia            tunCERT
Turkey            TR-CERT
UAE               aeCERT
 

Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) is another organization addressing cyber security around the world.  The following national CERTs and other CERTs are members of FIRST;

       Egypt               EG-CERT
       Israel               CERTGOVICL, ILAN-CERT
       Morocco         maCERT
       OMAN           OCERT
       Qatar               Q-CERT
       Tunisia             tunCERT
       UAE                ADPCERT, aeCERT, du SIRT, ETISALAT-CERT

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SMARTPHONE

The first mobile phones were developed in 1970s and 1980s, and evolved to smartphones in 2007 with announcements of iPhone with iOS from Apple, and Android OS from Google. Its precursors include i-mode from NTT DoCoMo in 1999, and Prada from LG in 2006.

The smartphone became very popular almost from the beginning in 2007, and it was taking over desktop and laptop computers as the primary access device to the Internet in 2010s especially among developing countries due to its low cost despite its small screen size from 3 to 6 inches. Almost all Internet applications were modified to accommodate the smartphone in 2000s.

Tablets were also developed in 2000s with the same operating systems as the smartphone and larger screen sizes ranging from 6 to 12 inches, but without telephone function. They are increasingly replacing laptop computers in 2010s.

We anticipate the smartphone to be the dominant Internet access device in the coming decades, and it is the driving force for proliferation of the Internet from 3 billion Internet users in the world in 2013 to 7 billion in 2020s. Other access devices such as the tablet and computers would be the complimentary access devices in the coming decade.

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RESTROPECTIVE

The Internet user population was around 4,000~5,000 with over 66 nodes in 1980. The number of nodes increased to 250 nodes in 1983 after the transition from NCP to TCP/IP at ARPANET took place on 1983.1.1 [Hauben 1998; Postel 1981]. The Internet user population had grown to over three billion by 2015.

The Internet services cover almost every aspects of human activities by now, and the Internet is becoming a critical global social infrastructure. The Internet has started to connect devices in addition to human and we expect a trillion devices to be connected to the Internet by 2020s in addition to around seven billon users. Unfortunately, we have not solved the fundamental weakness of the Internet, security problems.

Asia has over 50% of the global Internet users now, and plays a major role on the Internet industry along USA now [Internet 2011; Alexa 2013]. Unfortunately, Asia has not played major roles in either of technical community and academic community of the Internet including the Internet standardization, the Internet governance, and the Internet research publications.

Asia finally started to lead the global Internet community through the mobile Internet service including mobile messaging services. Many of the mobile messaging services were developed and serviced in Asia including WeChat, LINE and KakaoTalk in addition to Viber. They are increasingly becoming a new platform replacing WWW and the traditional Social Networking Service, and new services based on the mobile messaging services are being developed.

We hope to see Asia to contribute fair share on the Internet including research and development and governance among others in the coming years. We started to write Asia Internet history, but we ended up to write an Internet history from an Asian perspective due to the fact that there are no good recording of the international collaboration of the global Internet development including International Academic Networkshop (IANW) in 1980s, and Interntional Network Conference (INET) and Developing Country Workshop in 1990s. Additionally, we covered all regional Internet histories of the five continents as well as many subregional Internet histories including Arab states (West Asia and North Africa) and the Pacific Islands in addition to many local Internet histories in Asia.  We hope these efforts encourage many to write more comprehensive regional, subregional and local Internet histories in the coming years.

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ONLINE EDUCATION

(1)  Open and Free Access to Web Content

The Internet had a major impact on the research community right from the beginning. It promoted the exchange of preprints and reprints and speeded up communication among researchers, referees and publishers. Its impact on education was slower. The World Wide Web protocols and the development of search engines triggered the generation of content on the network and its wide-spread sharing in the early nineties. The first decade of the twenty first century saw an enormous explosion of Web content, including what was designed to be available for open and free access.

The above-mentioned developments of new technology and paradigms for the creation, sharing and utilization of information and knowledge have to be viewed in a historical context. The ferment that has been created has been compared with the one created at the time of Renaissance when new paradigms, such as universities focused on creation and sharing of new knowledge, created an intellectual revolution.

While the focus of this book is on Asian developments, it is necessary to start with a broader look at the origin of a few major developments. Open Access Journal Publishing was one of the first efforts in the direction of open web content [Laakso 2011].  The Open Software movement [Opensource 2015] was another one.  These two were soon followed by the Open Course Ware movement, and MIT’s OpenCourseWare effort was a pioneering effort in this area [Abelson 2007].The growth of the Wikipedia typifies the rise of free and open Web content that has high credibility. The creation of online forums for discussion starting with Usenet [Lueg 2003] was another development that supported learning over the Web. Workers in the field of information technology, as well as others in a variety of fields such as medicine, benefitted immensely from online discussion forums to gain knowledge and skills. The special feature of these forums was their putting “humans in the loop”, enabling learners to tap the knowledge of informed colleagues by asking questions. As an Asian example in content creation, India’s efforts in making a large collection of educational materials available for engineering education have been described elsewhere [Krishnan 2015].
 

(2)  Early Work on Online Courses

 It is also worth taking note of some developments related to online education that predated the Internet and the open knowledge movements. The Wikipedia article on the history of virtual learning environments [Wikipedia 2015] provides well-researched information and references.
 

(3)  Development of Access Devices

Internet access by students requires the proliferation of low-cost and easy-to-use access devices. The One Laptop per Child (OLTP) project initiated at Media Labs, MIT raised a lot of hopes. Many education specialists including Warschauer and Morgan Ames have criticized it as an attempt to solve complex problems in education with a mainly technological approach [Warschauer 2010]. The tablet computer will easily turn out to be the long term winner as the practical access device for students though designers and manufacturers have usually thought of them as multi-purpose devices; not as devices with education s the primary purpose.

Asian manufacturers such as Samsung and Lenovo have been active in manufacturing and marketing access devices such as tablet computers. [Wikipedia 2015d] mentions the introduction of the 7-inch Samsung Galaxy Tab, in September 2010. This should be compared with the introduction of the iPAD in April 2010 [Wikipedia 2015b]. Researchers in educational technology in Asia, for instance [So 2008], had carried out early work in using new developments in access devices for education.

The spread of the smart phone continues unabated. In many countries such as India, the number of users who can potentially access the Web through the cell phone is significantly larger than those who can use a landline for the purpose. However, it terms of usability as an Internet access device, particularly in education, the tablet or its small screen version called the phablet[1] appears to be superior to the smart phone. The rapidly declining price of the low-end tablets gives rise to the hope that device cost may not be a major problem in future. An interesting feature of tablets is that they usually depend upon a WiFi connection for Internet access. This raises the possibility that schools and public libraries can make WiFi access free on their premises for students.

Wireless solutions need not be limited to the school or classroom. A Nepali social entrepreneur has been very successful [Nepal 2015] in using the unlicensed part of the spectrum to create a backbone for some rural areas of his country. A similar wireless solution to providing access to the Internet in rural areas has been demonstrated in India earlier [Raman 2007].
 

(4)  Language of the Web

A large fraction of the Web’s educational resources continue to be in English, despite the tremendous need of the vast majority of students in the world, particularly at the high school level.   [W3Tech 2014] indicates that 55% of the websites on WWW are in English; no Indian language covers even 0.1% of the websites. Compare this with the need.  Statistics on the readership of newspapers show that only 19.7 million out of 1222 million Indians read English newspapers. School statistics show government schools carry the main educational responsibility outside the big cities, and that they largely use regional languages (not English) as the medium of instruction. Therefore, almost all information a citizen finds necessary needs to be made available in Indian languages. However, a variety of problems have delayed the growth of adequate content in Indian languages for access over the Web. The author’s direct experience does not enable him to generalize these comments to the rest of Asia, but surely the problems are not uniquely Indian.  A detailed discussion on the “Language of the Web” can be found in [Ramani 2015].
 

(5)  Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)

A course named “Connectivism and Connective Knowledge” led by George Siemens of Athabasca University and Stephen Downes of the National Research Council in 2008, has been recognized by the relevant Wikipedia article as the first MOOC run in the world [Wikipedia  2015c]. It was attended by 25 tuition-paying students in Extended Education at the University of Manitoba, as well as over 2200 online students from the general public who paid nothing.

It is appropriate to call MOOCs as a very promising development on the Internet scene. They have raised a lot of hopes and expectations, but it is too early to say if MOOCs will fulfil their promises in the form in which they are currently available.  However, we should not under-estimate the probability that the MOOCs movement could cause an educational revolution. Online education will not replace all other education, but it will have its own place. It is worth discussing some of the key factors that are shaping the evolution of MOOCs.
 

(6)  Economics

Tying up education with full time commitment for something like four years, on-campus residence, etc. has made it expensive and beyond the reach of many. Technological developments could lower the cost of education and facilitate life-long learning, learning on demand and part-time learning. MOOCs are promising for this cost reduction and for providing greater flexibility in education. A MOOC does, however, cost a lot more to create and offer in comparison to one-time classroom instruction. In addition to the faculty and staff time that goes into the production of video and other course materials, a large team of teaching assistants are involved in grading assignments and tests. Significant professional effort goes into producing, operating and maintaining automatic grading systems to carry whatever evaluation load they can carry. Educational materials used in MOOCs are not permanent assets, and need to be updated fairly regularly. The saving grace is that the underlying technology makes it possible to distribute the costs over a large number of learners. Consider a MOOC that costs a million U. S. dollars a year to operate, but serves 20,000 students a year. The cost per student is remarkably low!
 

(7)  Subsidies

The low cost/student ratio of MOOCs very often triggers a government response, in the form of paying for the whole cost of MOOC related projects. This results in the student having no “skin in the game” and leads to high drop-out rates. Subsidies do have a place, particularly when public goods are created, but they have to be used judiciously.
 

(8)  Evaluation

Evaluation is essential to all serious learning. The learner needs it more than anyone else, to have a sense of progress in a course. The technology of graders is, therefore, a significant contributor of value in the context of MOOCs. It enables thousands to take online tests and know the results immediately, and to get information on what they did right and where they went wrong. However, many academics prefer not to limit themselves to fully automated evaluations. Some use peer evaluation, for example requiring the course participant to evaluate three others’ submissions immediately after submitting his own.
 

(9)  Certification

A degree is usually a ticket to a job. Employers rarely have the time and expertise to evaluate applicants thoroughly and are, therefore, dependent on degrees from Universities. MOOCs cannot easily offer certification, particularly at the level of university degrees. They rarely employ proctored evaluations that lead to confidence in certification; instead they depend on honor codes and issue certificates which are less valuable as a result [Times 2013]. Combining MOOCs with proctored evaluation is not impossible as an Indian experiment [NPTEL 2015] demonstrates.
 

(10) The Honor Code

It is known that institutions that use an honor code system do promote a greater level of academic integrity among their students [McCabe 2002]. However, the use of honor codes in the context of MOOCs presents us with an entirely different context. An interesting research question deals, therefore, with the possible use of technology to promote adherence to an honor code in online learning.  Algorithmic comparison of the results of an online test taken under the honor code with the results from a proctored test is possible. This makes the use of a mix of proctored tests and simple online tests a highly desirable mode of evaluation. It could even give credit to the inferred adherence to an honor code. The significance of such techniques could go beyond the improvement of online education! 

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MOBILE MESSAGING SERVICES

Mobile messaging services started in late 2000s and early 2010s in USA and Asia. WhatsApp in USA is one of the first mobile messenger services in the world with its launching in 2009. Facebook also offers a mobile messenger service called Facebook Messenger.  KakaoTalk in South Korea, WeChat in China, and LINE in Japan and South Korea followed in late 2000s and early 2010s.

Short message services on mobile phones in 1980s and 1990s, and chatting services in the Internet and other computer networks in 1970s and 1980s led to development of the mobile messaging services when smartphones were introduced in late 2000s. Initially all mobile messaging services were simple chatting services on smartphones without WWW. Many functions were added as the mobile messaging services became popular including better user interface, group chatting and variety of icons among others. WeChat, for example supports text translation of languages it supports.  Thus, we could communicate using different languages in nearly real time. All mobile messaging services support popular smartphone OSs including Android for majority of smartphones as well as iOS for iPhone.

The total number of mobile messaging service users in Asia as well as in the world exceeded one billion in 2013. This may be the first time for Asia to dominate major Internet application. In the list shows the major mobile messaging services with the number of users in 2014 according to Wikipedia [Wikipedia 2014c]. There are other major messaging services including Facebook Messenger and Skype which support mobile devices, tablets and personal computers. Facebook Messenger has a similar number of registered users as WhatsApp and WeChat [Global 2014, Wikipedia 2015]. List of Major Mobile Messaging Services with Number of Users in the World, 2014
Name                          Registered Users        Active User Accounts
WhatsApp                   700+ million                600 million
WeChat                       600+ million                468 million
LINE                           560 million                  170 million
Viber                           449 million                  209 million

KakaoTalk                 140 million
Facebook Messenger 600 million (in 2015)

Source: Global Web Index [Global 2014] and Wikipedia [Wikipedia 2015]

WhatsApp was founded in USA and its service covers all over the world. It started charging for each account recently.  WhatsApp was acquired by Facebook which has its own messaging service, Facebook Messenger, which is unique as it is based on facebook website even though it also supports smartphone users without a facebook account. It is not clear if these two messaging services would be merged in the coming years [WhatsApp 2014].

WeChat was founded by Tencent in China along many other Internet services including QQ, another messaging service which has over one billion users [Tencent 2014]. WeChat is available globally like all other major mobile messaging services.  Additionally WeChat offers translation services, and has been adding many other services such as online shopping and online games similarly to LINE and KakaoTalk.

Viber was developed in Israel and was popular in Europe [Viber 2014].  It offers both voice and text messaging services with more emphasis on the voice messaging service.  It was acquired by Rakuten, the major online shopping site in Japan in 2014.

LINE was originally developed at Naver, the largest Internet company in South Korea in 2011 [LINE 2014]. But, South Korean mobile messaging service market was dominated KakaoTalk which was launched in 2010 [KakaoTalk 2014]. On the other hand, LINE in Japan was very successful and dominate Japanese mobile messaging market, and it is one of the largest mobile messaging services in the world with over half billion users in 2014. Both LINE and KakaoTalk as well as WeChat offer similar services such as online game in addition to messaging service.

All mobile messaging services like social networking services are increasingly becoming platforms to offer various online services in addition to messaging services.  Thus, we may be heading for competition on the online service platform between the mobile messaging service and other social networking services [Global 2014].

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INTRODUCTION CIVIL SOCIETY AT WSIS

The first conference of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) was held in Geneva in December 2003. Through the processes of organising this conference, and the second one in Tunis in November 2005, United Nations expressed a clear intention of great participation of actors from the private companies, civil society, academia, and media, along with the governmental organisations. Towards this goal, the Civil Society Subcommittee on Content and Themes (WSIS-SCT) was established at the first Preparatory Committee meeting (PrepCom-1) of WSIS so as to complement the efforts being undertaken by the Inter-Governmental Subcommittee 2 on Content of Themes of the conferences. At the second Preparatory Committee meeting (PrepCom-2), in Geneva in February 2003, WSIS-SCT produced a summary of the views of its members titled 'Vision and Principles of Information and Communication Societies,' and also a one page brief titled 'Seven Musts: Priority Principles Proposed by Civil Society' to be used for lobbying purposes. This brief mentioned seven key principles of Internet governance according to the members of WSIS-SCT: (1) Sustainable Development, (2) Democratic Governance, (3) Literacy, Education, and Research, (4) Human Rights, (5) Global Knowledge Commons, (6) Cultural and Linguistic Diversity, and (7) Information Security.[1] Asian Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) that took part in the PrepCom-2 meeting included Arab Business Forum for Information and Communication Technology, Arab Commission for Human Rights, Asian Media Information and Communication Centre, Bangladesh Friendship Education Society, D.Net - Development through Access to Network Resources, Datamation Foundation Charitable Trust, Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era, Drishtee Foundation, Japan Civil Liberties Union, Japan Computer Access for Empowerment, Japan Trade External Organization, Kuwait Information Technology Society, OneWorld International, ILAM – Centre for Arab Palestinians in Israel, Information and Communication Technology Development Program, Bangladesh, International University of Japan, Iranian Youth ICT NGO, Iranian Civil Society Organizations Training and Research Centre, Islamic Women's Institute of Iran, IT for Change.

Anita Gurumurthy and Parminder Jeet Singh of IT for Change, who were present at the PrepCom-2, noted several key features of the discussion at the meeting that have been felt time and again in Internet governance summits since.[2] Firstly, they indicated that the government agencies present in the dialogues tend to take diverging positions in international events and domestic contexts. Secondly, there was a marked absence of formal and informal discussions between the governmental and the civil society representatives of the same country present at the meeting. The government agencies were clearly disinterested in involving civil society organisations in the process. Thirdly, the civil society actors present in there were mostly from ICT for Development sector, and the organisation working in more 'traditional' sectors – such as education, health, governance reform, etc. – remained absent from the conversations. They noted that this was more of a concern for civil society organisation from South Asia, even in comparison to those from West and East Asia.

Parallel to the WSIS-SCT process, the Asia Pacific Regional Conference on the WSIS was held in Tokyo, Japan, in January 13-15, 2003 for various stakeholders from the Asia-Pacific region to discuss the topics to be addressed in WSIS Geneva and Tunis, and to draft a join a declaration regarding governing and advancing the information society in the region. The Conference was attended by government agencies of 37 countries and territories, 58 private companies, 199 civil society organisations, and 26 international organisations. Civil society actors, however, were effectively sidelined in this Conference, which led to them to producing a join statement of Asian civil society organisations to ensure that their positions are presented at the global discussion[3].

Summary of the key points of the statement by Asian civil Society organisations.
WSIS Geneva and participation by Asian civil society organisations.
Statement of the Civil Society in Response to the WSIS Draft Declaration[4]: “The information society described in the document is characterized by uniformity, technocracy and bargaining. It lacks any vision that is people and citizen centered: there is little or no mention of the poor, workers and marginalized groups including indigenous people, refugees, and people with disabilities. The emphasis on diversity of peoples, cultures and ways of living is still far from sufficient. Our contributions throughout this process of shaping a common vision of an inclusive, democratic and sustainable information society, have not been given serious consideration”.
WSIS Tunis and participation by Asian civil society organisations.
Civil Society Declaration to the WSIS, December 08, 2003 – ‘Shaping Information Societies for Human Needs.’ Civil Society Statement on the WSIS, December 18, 2005 – 'Much More could have been Achieved.' Brief comparison of these documents with the statement by Asian civil society organisations.
Summary of the various positions taken by civil society actors globally regarding the experience of the WSIS –  'The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly' lists by Rik Panganiban and Ralf Bendrath[5]; Michael Gurstein's critique,[6]  and Willie Currie's response.[7]
Categorising of the issues emerging from the inputs by Asian civil society organisations during WSIS into four major clusters – (1) Human Rights and Internet, (2) Digital Divide and Different Needs of Users, (3) Access to and Accessibility of Knowledge, and (4) Internet Governance and Economy. The next sections map the activities and contributions of Asian CSOs on these topic clusters across various global and regional summits during 2001-2010.

[1]http://www.movimientos.org/es/foro_comunicacion/show_text.php3%3Fkey%3D1484
[2]https://www.apc.org/en/news/hr/world/wsis-prepcom-2-south-asian-perspective
[3]http://www.wsisasia.org/wsis-tokyo/tokyo-statement.html
[4]http://www.wsisasia.org/sep22-cs-response.htm
[5]http://www.worldsummit2003.de/en/web/577.htm and http://www.worldsummit2003.de/en/web/840.htm
[6]http://www.worldsummit2003.de/en/web/847.htm
[7]http://www.worldsummit2003.de/en/nav/14.htm

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INTERNET

The Internet started as ARPANET, the computer network for the US research community at the end of 1960s, and has become one of the critical global social infrastructure without which the world does not function properly with around three billion Internet users globally in 2013. [Internet 2014] We access the Internet for every aspect of social life.  We expect around seven billion Internet users globally in 2020s, over 90% of the global population.

Asia started the twenty-first century with 125 million Internet users including Oceania and West Asia [Internet 2014]. This is around one-third of the global Internet users of 360 million.  The penetration rate is around 5%, compared with 9% for the world.  At the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, 2010, the Internet users in Asia increased to 909 million, 46% of the global Internet users of 1,966 million. The Internet users in Asia passed one billion mark in the following year, 2011.

There were much development on the Internet in addition to the number of users such as telecommunications infrastructure including fixed and wireless/mobile broadband services, mobile phones including smartphones. In the Internet area, we had a new Internet Protocol, called IPv6. The Internet of Things (IoT) started to be deployed in 1990s, and it may take over the Internet for people in 2010s.  Cloud computing with large data centers became very popular starting from 2000s. They will be described briefly in this chapter.

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COMMERCIAL ONLINE SERVICE PROVIDER

As the Internet became very popular in 1980s, commercial Internet service providers appeared starting from USA in 1980s as described in the previous section.  Then, World Wide Web (WWW) and other online services appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s.  With the invention of the Internet browser called Mosaic in 1992, WWW became very popular, and commercial online services started in USA including eBay in 1993 and Yahoo and Amazon in early 1994. Similar commercial online services appeared in Asia starting from Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan in mid-1990s. The online commercial Internet services include search, newspaper, shopping, television and video, and entertainment among others, similarly to USA. Thus, Internet users in Asia have two choices; accessing the US sites, or local sites.  The local sites tend to be developed well among non-English speaking countries such as China, Japan, South Korea and Thailand, but not among English speaking countries such as Australia and New Zealand where the Internet users tend to access the US sites.

Search service was one of the first commercial online services, and Yahoo started in 1994 in USA, followed by Google in 1997. Initial search service including South Korea in Asia started in mid-1990s. In this century, Baidu in China and Naver in South Korea as well as Yandex in Russia dominate search service in each country. Languages of these countries are substantially different from English, and the US products had difficulty to provide better service than the local companies. Yandex has strong presence on search service in several countries in West Europe and Turkey. But, Baidu and Naver do not have strong presence on search service in other countries in Asia even though they have strong presence on other Internet services in other countries in Asia.

News service, another early online service which started from mid-1990s in Asia as soon as WWW with the Internet browser became available.  There are two types of the news service; one provided by newspaper and other publishers, and the other provided by other online service providers. The traditional newspaper, magazine and other publishing companies took advantage of popularity of Internet including WWW, and started to offer online news services as an additional news service. In some cases, newspaper or magazine publishing companies stopped the hardcopy publication and concentrate on the online publication.  Many other online service providers offer news service, and some of them became the online publishing companies without any hardcopy publication in Asia and elsewhere in the world. For many countries in Asia as well as other parts of the world, the online news service is one of the major online services provided by local companies as you can see in Alexa’s data which is summarized at the end of this section.

Shopping was one of the first online commercial Internet services. But, its service had to wait until a user friendly Internet browser such as Mosaic and Netscape which appeared in mid-1990s became available. eBay in 1993 and Amazon in 1994 are some of the first online shopping services in USA. Many online shopping sites launched in Asia since mid-1990s including several sites in South Korea which were launched in 1996. In the twenty-first century, eCommerce including online shopping became ubiquitous among many countries in Asia and elsewhere in the world. The online shopping sites became the largest Internet companies among several countries including Alibaba in China and Rakuten in Japan. As smartphones appeared in late 2000s, mobile online shopping along some other applications including entertainment and mobile messaging services over smartphones became very popular.

Video is another major online service appeared during during 1990s, and became popular in 2000s. The online video service was offered by television stations and publishing companies as well as startup companies specialized on video distribution such as YouTube. Due to limited bandwidth to deliver good quality video, the online video service was limited in 1990s. YouTube dominates the online video service around the world in the twenty-first century even though similar services are offered by some local companies such as Nico Nico in Japan. Video streaming service such as Ustream is also popular in several countries in Asia along USA.

Entertainment is another popular online service which has been offered from early 1990s.  Many of the online entertainment services are offered without WWW. South Korea took lead on online game from early 1990s, and several companies including Nexon and NCsoft in South Korea and Tencent in China along a few more companies in USA lead the online game industry in the world. As smartphones became available in late 2000s, mobile versions of the online entertainment including online game on the smartphones became more popular than the traditional computer-based online entertainment in many countries in Asia. According to Alexa, ten most frequently accessed websites globally among the top twenty sites are in USA, and seven are in China with one each in India, Japan and Russia as of 2014 [Alexa 2014]. The top 20 sites based on the one month Alexa traffic rank are listed.

Top 20 Websites in the World in 2014

1    Google.com
2    Facebook.com
3    YouTube.com
4    Yahoo.com
5    Baidu.com (China)
6    Wikipedia.org
7    Amazon.com
8    Twitter.com
9     Taobao.com  (China)
10   Qq.com  (China)
11   Google.co.in  (India)
12   Live.com                  

13   Linkedin.com
14   Sina.com.cn  (China)
15   Weibo.com  (China)
16   Blogspot.com
17   Yahoo.co.jp (Japan)
18   Tmall.com  (China)
19   Hao123.com  (China)
20  Yandex.ru  (Russia)


Alexa.com website provides further information on ranking in each country, and here is the list of leading local commercial online service providers which are ranked in the top ten in selective countries in Asia. Most countries have the local version of google.com in the top ten such as google.com.au.

Australia – No local providers are in the top ten. gumtree.com.au, news.com.au, commbank.com.au, smh.com.au, and realestate.com.au are ranked in the top twenty.

China – All top ten online service providers are local. Only two local versions of the US companies;
google.com.hk and amazon.cn are ranked in the top twenty. No US companies are in the top ten.

Hong Kong – One is local; discuss.com.hk among the top ten. Other top ten online service providers include four from USA, three from China, one from Taiwan and one local version of the US company.

India – Three local online service providers are in the top ten; flipkart.com,
blogspot.in, and Indiantimes.in, and two are the local versions of the US companies;
google.co.in and amazon.in.

Indonesia – Two local online service providers are in the top ten; kaskus.co.id, and detik.com.

Iran – Seven local online service providers are in the top ten; blogfa.com, varzesh3.com, aparat.com,
Mihanblog.com, digikala.com and onclckads.net.

Japan – Two or more local online service providers are in the top ten: yahoo.co.jp and rakuten.co.jp.

Malaysia - One local online service provider, gigacircle.com is in the top ten.

Pakistan – Two local online service providers are in the top ten; dailymotion.com and tune.pk.

Alibab.com, Chinese website is in the top ten.

Philippines – Two local online service providers are in the top ten; abs-cbnnews.com and inquirer.net.

Saudi Arabia – One local online service provider is in the top ten; sabg.org.

Singapore – One local online service provider is in the top ten; qoo10.sg.

South Korea – Two local online service providers are in the top ten; naver.com and daum.net.

Taiwan – Four local online service providers are in the top ten; pixnet.net, ettoday.net, life.com.tw, mobile01.com and udn.com.

Thailand – Two local online service providers are in the top ten; pantip.com and sanook.com.
Chinese online service provider, hao123.com of Baidu is ranked in the top 10.

Vietnam – Six local online service providers are in the top ten; occoc.com, zing.vn, webtetho.com,
vnexpress.net, 24h.com, and clip.vn.

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COMMERCIAL INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

Rick Adams who was in charge of seismo, one of the major UUCP sites in USA started UUnet, the first commercial internet service provider in 1987 with email as its primary service initially.  This was followed by Pegasus in Australia in 1989, followed by Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ) in 1991. Please refer the Section 6.1 of Asia Internet History – Book 1 (1980s) on further information on Australia including Pegasus, and the Section 10.4 of Asia Internet History – Book 2 (1990s) on further information on Japan including IIJ. Most major Internet service providers in Asia had a domestic backbone network with a leased line connection to USA and supported customers through dialup connections as well as leased lines. Many minor Internet service providers in Asia served domestic customers without having its own leased line connection to USA.

As soon as Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networking – Asia Pacific (APCCIRN) was formed in early 1990s, Commercial Working Group was one of the working groups which were created in 1983. APCCIRN was later renamed as Asia Pacific Networking Group (APNG) and meets twice a year; summer during INET Conference anywhere around the world, and winter somewhere in Asia. Please refer APNG.org website through Archive.org for further information on APNG including Commercial Working Group [APNG 1998]. The Commercial Working Group was the primary coordination body as well as a breeding ground for commercial Internet service providers in Asia. There were around 30 members from eleven countries or regions in Asia as well as USA and UN as of 1994 as follows; Australia, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, UN and USA. The Commercial Working Group span off as Asia Pacific Internet Association in 1995 to accommodate ever increasing commercial Internet activity along other working groups.

Some of the notable commercial Internet service providers in 1990s include the following;

   Australia – Pegasus, Telstra

   Hong Kong – Pacific Supernet (originally Hong Kong Supernet [Wong 1995])

   Japan – IIJ, KDD, NTT, Tokyo Internet

   South Korea – Dacom, INET, Korea Telecom

   Singapore – Pacific Internet (Pacnet)

Some of the commercial Internet service providers are startup companies, and others are traditional telecommunications service providers. Pacnet (originally Pacific Internet) may be a special case. It started as a research and education network called Technet in Singapore in 1989, and became a commercial Internet service provider in 1995. It expanded Internet services to six countries in Asia; Australia, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore.

The next major move on the commercial service providers in Asia, Europe and North America is broadband service based on cable Internet services and telephone line Internet service with asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) technology for customer access of 256 Kbps or more, whereas the initial commercial Internet service providers offer dialup services and ISDN services of 64 Kbps or less for customer access. @Home started the broadband service based on the cable Internet from 1996. In Asia, several countries started the broadband services from the late 1990s. One of the first broadband services in Asia was provided by Thrunet in South Korea which was established in 1997 and started the broadband service with cable Internet from 1998. Hanaro and Korea Telecom followed Thrunet on the broadband Internet service with ADSL technology in 1999. Please refer the article on Korean Internet in IEEE Communications Magazine in 2012 [Chon 2013]. Other countries including Australia and Japan had the first broadband Internet services in 1990s. Eventually, most traditional telecommunications service providers in many Asian countries started to offer the broadband Internet services in 2000s. Starting from late 1990s and early 2000s, optical fiber communication technologies were introduced for the broadband Internet services.  They include fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP), and fiber-to-the-neighborhood (FTTN). They are generically called fiber-to-the-x (FTTX).  The optical fiber communication technology could offer higher bandwidth than other communication technologies such as cable and ADSL, and could offer bandwidth of one Gbps or more.

In 2000s, most mobile telephone service providers in Asia started to offer mobile Internet services with introduction of the digital mobile telephones in 2000s. With introduction of smartphones from 2007, the mobile telephone service providers became dominant Internet service providers along traditional wired telephone service providers.  In many countries, telecommunications service providers offer both wired broadband Internet service and mobile Internet service in the twenty-first century. There are one to three dominant telecommunications service providers in most countries now with telephone services and Internet services. They offer bandwidth of up to one Gbps for wired broadband Internet services and up to 100 Mbps for mobile Internet services in 2014.

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