(1) 1980s
Internet-compatible computer networking started in West Asia and North Africa like many other parts of the world with BITNET, CSNET, FIDONET and UUCPNET among other computer networks in 1980s [Chon 2013]. These four networks interoperate with the Internet through email service, but not other services.
According to the article, “BITNET Overview” by BITNET Network Information Center in 1990, the following six countries in West Asia and North Africa had BITNET nodes in 1990 [BITNET 1990]; Egypt, Israel, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Turkey. CSNET was available in Israel along twelve countries in other parts of the world since mid-1980s. UUCPNET was available in Egypt, Israel and Lebanon, and FIDONET was available in Israel, Jordan, Turkey and UAE according to International Connectivity Table, Version 16 – 1997.6.15 [Landweber 1997].
(2) 1990s
The First Developing Country workshop was organized by CNR-CNUCE with RINAF Project in 1991 with 13 countries including Turkey and some African countries during Copenhagen INET [Abba 2011; Chon 2015]. This was the beginning of the Internet proliferation among many other developing countries in the world. In the following year, the Developing Country Workshop was organized by the Internet Society with the following countries in West Asia and North Africa along many other countries around the world for the week-long training prior to INET’92 in Kobe; Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Syria and Tunisia.
Eventually, many countries in West Asia along over 100 countries in the world participated some of the Developing Country Workshops in 1990s [Chon 2015]. The workshop participants, in turn, were instrumental in developing the Internet in their countries in West Asia like all other regions of the world. Telecommunications service providers in West Asia started to pay attention to the Internet in 1990s, and became the first Internet service providers along other service providers in many countries in West Asia. According to Arab Region Internet and Telecommunications Summit in 2001, the following countries in West Asia had the first Internet in their countries in 1990s [ITU 2001b];
1993 Egypt with Egyptian University Network
1995 United Arab Emirates (UAE) with Etisalat
1996 Jordon with Global One Communications
1997 Syria with Internet Pilot Project
By the end of 1997, the following countries in West Asia and North Africa had the Internet according to International Connectivity Tables [Landweber 1997]; Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen.
With the Internet in 1995 or earlier in Palestine as well as the Internet Pilot Project in Syria in 1997, all countries in West Asia were connected to the Internet by 1997 [Palestine 2014]. Libya may be the last country in North Africa with the Internet connection as it has 10,000 Internet users in December 2000 [Internet 2015].
One remarkable development in late 1990s was the first regional Internet exchange in West Asia. Dubai-based Emirates Internet Exchange (EMIX) was developed by Emirates Telecommunications Corporation in 1998 with connectivity to Asia, Europe and USA [ITU 2001b].
(3) 2000s
With all countries in West Asia started using the Internet in 1990s or earlier, the Internet users started rapid growth in the first decade of the 2000s. According to InternetWorldStats.com, the user growth of West Asia in 2000-2010 was 1,825.3% compared with the world average of 444.8%, and the Internet penetration in 2010 was 29.8% compared with the world average of 28.7% [Internet 2015].
(4) Regional Internet Organizations
Internet-compatible computer networking started in West Asia and North Africa like many other parts of the world with BITNET, CSNET, FIDONET and UUCPNET among other computer networks in 1980s [Chon 2013]. These four networks interoperate with the Internet through email service, but not other services.
According to the article, “BITNET Overview” by BITNET Network Information Center in 1990, the following six countries in West Asia and North Africa had BITNET nodes in 1990 [BITNET 1990]; Egypt, Israel, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Turkey. CSNET was available in Israel along twelve countries in other parts of the world since mid-1980s. UUCPNET was available in Egypt, Israel and Lebanon, and FIDONET was available in Israel, Jordan, Turkey and UAE according to International Connectivity Table, Version 16 – 1997.6.15 [Landweber 1997].
(2) 1990s
The First Developing Country workshop was organized by CNR-CNUCE with RINAF Project in 1991 with 13 countries including Turkey and some African countries during Copenhagen INET [Abba 2011; Chon 2015]. This was the beginning of the Internet proliferation among many other developing countries in the world. In the following year, the Developing Country Workshop was organized by the Internet Society with the following countries in West Asia and North Africa along many other countries around the world for the week-long training prior to INET’92 in Kobe; Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Syria and Tunisia.
Eventually, many countries in West Asia along over 100 countries in the world participated some of the Developing Country Workshops in 1990s [Chon 2015]. The workshop participants, in turn, were instrumental in developing the Internet in their countries in West Asia like all other regions of the world. Telecommunications service providers in West Asia started to pay attention to the Internet in 1990s, and became the first Internet service providers along other service providers in many countries in West Asia. According to Arab Region Internet and Telecommunications Summit in 2001, the following countries in West Asia had the first Internet in their countries in 1990s [ITU 2001b];
1993 Egypt with Egyptian University Network
1995 United Arab Emirates (UAE) with Etisalat
1996 Jordon with Global One Communications
1997 Syria with Internet Pilot Project
By the end of 1997, the following countries in West Asia and North Africa had the Internet according to International Connectivity Tables [Landweber 1997]; Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen.
With the Internet in 1995 or earlier in Palestine as well as the Internet Pilot Project in Syria in 1997, all countries in West Asia were connected to the Internet by 1997 [Palestine 2014]. Libya may be the last country in North Africa with the Internet connection as it has 10,000 Internet users in December 2000 [Internet 2015].
One remarkable development in late 1990s was the first regional Internet exchange in West Asia. Dubai-based Emirates Internet Exchange (EMIX) was developed by Emirates Telecommunications Corporation in 1998 with connectivity to Asia, Europe and USA [ITU 2001b].
(3) 2000s
With all countries in West Asia started using the Internet in 1990s or earlier, the Internet users started rapid growth in the first decade of the 2000s. According to InternetWorldStats.com, the user growth of West Asia in 2000-2010 was 1,825.3% compared with the world average of 444.8%, and the Internet penetration in 2010 was 29.8% compared with the world average of 28.7% [Internet 2015].
(4) Regional Internet Organizations
Various regional Internet organizations were established in the first decade of the twenty-first century including the following;
Arab States Research and Education Network (ASREN) launched in 2010
EUMEDCONNECT for Mediterranean research networking launched in 2001
Internet Governance in the Middle East and North Africa (IGMENA) launched in 2012
Arab Internet Governance Forum (IGFarab) launched in 2012
Middle East Network Operators Group (MENOG) launched in 2007
EUMEDCONNECT for Mediterranean research networking launched in 2001
Internet Governance in the Middle East and North Africa (IGMENA) launched in 2012
Arab Internet Governance Forum (IGFarab) launched in 2012
Middle East Network Operators Group (MENOG) launched in 2007
Organization of Islamic Cooperation – Computer Emergency Response Team (OIC-CERT) launched in 2011
Middle East and Adjoining Countries School on Internet Governance (MEAC-SIG) (2104 in Kuwait, 2015 in Tunis)
Additionally, the following regional Internet organizations covers West Asian countries as their members;
Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association (APTLD)
Middle East and Adjoining Countries School on Internet Governance (MEAC-SIG) (2104 in Kuwait, 2015 in Tunis)
Additionally, the following regional Internet organizations covers West Asian countries as their members;
Asia Pacific Top Level Domain Association (APTLD)
RIPE Network Coordination Center (RIPE NCC)
(5) Cyber Security
Many countries in West Asia and North Africa have national cyber security organizations including Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) which is also called Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT) The following national CERTs belong to Organization of Islamic Cooperation – Computer Emergency Response Team (OIC-CERT) which covers three continents; Africa, Asia and Europe.;
Egypt EG-CERT
Iran Ir-CERT
(5) Cyber Security
Many countries in West Asia and North Africa have national cyber security organizations including Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) which is also called Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT) The following national CERTs belong to Organization of Islamic Cooperation – Computer Emergency Response Team (OIC-CERT) which covers three continents; Africa, Asia and Europe.;
Egypt EG-CERT
Iran Ir-CERT
Jordan NCSCM
Libya Libya-CERT
Morocco maCERT
Oman OCERT
Saudi Arabia CERT-SA
Syria ISC
Tunisia tunCERT
Turkey TR-CERT
UAE aeCERT
Morocco maCERT
Oman OCERT
Saudi Arabia CERT-SA
Syria ISC
Tunisia tunCERT
Turkey TR-CERT
UAE aeCERT
Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) is another organization addressing cyber security around the world. The following national CERTs and other CERTs are members of FIRST;
Egypt EG-CERT
Israel CERTGOVICL, ILAN-CERT
Morocco maCERT
OMAN OCERT
Qatar Q-CERT
Tunisia tunCERT
UAE ADPCERT, aeCERT, du SIRT, ETISALAT-CERT
Egypt EG-CERT
Israel CERTGOVICL, ILAN-CERT
Morocco maCERT
OMAN OCERT
Qatar Q-CERT
Tunisia tunCERT
UAE ADPCERT, aeCERT, du SIRT, ETISALAT-CERT
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar